Incredible Facts About Book Online Prof Read Services Revealed by Industry Leaders

Incredible Facts About Book Online Prof Read Services Revealed by Industry Leaders Many times, you won't find first edition listed in the very first edition of a book, however you will discover second edition and so forth in all revisions. The copy editor is ordinarily the previous editor an author will work with. If you opt to get both the internet training and the book, however, check if the CIPM bundle is still being provided by the IAPP. See to your book like an item. Make certain you satisfy the vital prerequisites like obtaining an International Standard Book Number (ISBN) or bar code in order for your book can be recognized. Whether you opt to locate a publisher or maybe to publish all on your own, you could always sell your book as an e-book online. Do a little research into various publishers to discover the ones who focus on children's books. The author must consider not only the topic of the post but in addition the education or experience of the reader. Whispered Book Online Prof Read Services Secrets There are two fundamental approaches. The internet training is a great intro for those concepts. The online proofreading services are extremely convenient for students as they will not need to go in person to acquire the work proofread. The student proofreading services are the ideal option to create your academic work totally free of mistakes and to find valuable marks for your dissertation work. There are a lot of freelance market websites like Elance where it is possible to bid for online proofreading jobs. It is crucial to read the work description as carefully as possible, searching for possible instructions that you need to follow. In fact, some candidates don't even dare obtain their resumes read as their cover letters just don't look impressive enough. Students wishing to hire our assignment expert should perform three easy measures. Who Else Wants to Learn About Book Online Prof Read Services? Sooner or later, writing children's books is a lengthy and challenging procedure, but you need the chance to improve the lives of young people all over the world. Many writers believe their story will get the job done for all age groups, but it's ideal to choose one particular group and write specifically for them. Your readers will find it tough to feel that you put as much effort in research when showing them mediocre vocabulary level. For instance, if you've got a fr iend with a YouTube account with an increasing amount of followers, you can request your book be featured periodically. Choosing Good Book Online Prof Read Services There are lots of resources available to learn the most qualified proofreading service in your town or available online. If people start a new business they frequently have an extremely limited budget for their marketing and copywriting requirements. You require the help of a proofreader if you'd prefer another opinion and are open to the notion of earning alterations that may add value to your work. Over time you might even think about offering online proofreading services as an extra revenue resource. It's worth to try, especially if you're on a budget. If you wish to receive a job in a well-known company, do your very best to fulfill their standards and to present yourself accordingly. The agency supplies you online transcription solutions, language interpretation along with subtitling services for your videos and ads. The ideal editor companies verify even the mostobvious and easy statements for accuracy. Publishing Quality Content There are a number of advantages to utilizing a proofreading service like the proofreading services provided by Polished Paper. Many publishers have their very own proprietary typesetting systems, while their clients utilize commercial programs like Word. Conventional agencies generally offer top quality writing and they're perfect for folks who have both time and money on their hands. Providing fresh superior content on a normal basis won't only assist your present readers keep coming back, but you are going to likewise have the ability to entice new readers. Judging from my experience, it was challenging to place an order. In case the man commissioning the writing isn't contented with the last bit of copy produced, they frequently have to experience a lengthily dispute process to be able to obtain their money back. Writing quality onlinecontent is a great way to earn extra money.

Analysis Of The Movie Madame Butterfly Essay - 1282 Words

Madame Butterfly On October 1st 2016, the Houston Ballet revives famous choreographer, Stanton Welch’s signature â€Å"Madame Butterfly†. The dance performance takes at place at the Houston ballet at Wortham Theater Center, Downton Houston Texas. The Houston Ballet Company, established in 1955, is the fourth largest ballet company is the United States which produces more than 70 dance performances in a year. The company’s artistic director, Stanton Welch is an acclaimed Australian choreographer who has revitalized the ballet company by bringing in fresh dancers, commissioning new works, and attracting top flight artistic staff to the city of Houston. He has also created works for prestigious international companies like the San Francisco Ballet and the Birmingham Royal Ballet. To start with, the mood in any dance can sometimes become the most important facet of the performance. Also, certain elements must combine to create the desired mood to strike the right connection between the audience and the choreographer. Madame Butterfly, dramatically chronicles the love story of the beautiful, geisha Cio-Cio San who is betrothed to marry an American lieutenant, Pinkerton. The production unfolds on Peter Farmer’s picturesque sets, which beautifully evoke the mystery and apathy of the 19th century Japan. The appearance of the dancers on stage is quite thrilling with each choreographer displaying veryShow MoreRelatedLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pageslooking at alternative actions that can be taken, then considering the probable good consequences of each action and the probable bad consequences while weighing the positive and negative impact of each consequence. It’s a kind of cost-benefit analysis. Exercises 1. Columbus Day is an American holiday. Write a short essay that weighs the pros and cons and then comes to a decision about whether there should be more or less public celebration (by Americans and their institutions) on Columbus

The Labor Force Participation Rate

Questions: 1. The table below reports some labour market figures for a hypothetical country, Blefuscu in 2005. Assume that there are only two types of employment: full time and part time. Everyone who is not employed is unemployed. Calculate the Labour force participation and ii) unemployment rate. Show all your calculations. Population 15,000,000 Working age population 12,900,000 Number of people Not in the labour force 100,000 Part-time employment as a percentage of total 18% employment Number of full-time employees 4,953,000 Rate of underemployment 40% 2. The government of Blefuscu announces that the unemployment rate fell from 2005 to 2006. The government says this is positive news as it shows more jobs are being created and less people are unemployed. The labour unions, on the other hand, disagreed with this assessment and stated that they could find no evidence that additional jobs have been created between 2005 and 2006. Your task is to explain how the unemployment rate can fall even if there are no new jobs being created. First, using the numbers you have been given in 1A as the 2005 figures, fill in the table below by developing a set of numbers that show how the unemployment rate can fall even if there are no new jobs being created. Assume no change between 2005 and 2006 in the population, percentage of part time workers and working age population. Second, discuss in detail how the numbers show the unemployment rate can fall even if there are no new jobs being created. List two possible reasons why this may occur. Year 2005 2006 Population 15,000,000 15,000,000 Working age population 12,900,000 12,900,000 Number of people Not in the 100,000 Part-time employment as a 18% Number of full-time 4,953,000 Rate of underemployment 40% ___% Answer: (1). The Labor Force Participation rate is calculated by getting the total number of the labor force and then dividing it by the number of all the adults in an economy who are willing to work. However, adults who are still in college or university are excluded from the calculations. This is because they may not have the time to work either part time or full time. In the given figures, the number of the working population is 12,900,000 and the labor force is 12,800,000 (less the people who are not in the labor force 100,000), and number of adults/population is 15,000,000. Therefore, the rate expressed as a percentage is 85.33%. Labor force 12,800,000 Number of adults 15,000,000 Labor force Participation Rate 85.33% Unemployment rate is arrived at by adding up all the jobless people and then dividing that number by the labor force. In the given figures, the number of unemployed people or they are not in the labor force are is 100,000 and those who are in the labor force are in the working age population is 12,900,000. Therefore, the unemployment rate is 0.77% for Blesufcu. Unemployed people 100,000 Labor force 12,800,000 Unemployment Rate 0.78% (2). In an article by Boundless (2016), unemployment is not a complete computation and therefore it is likely to be faulty and be partial concerning the gathering of information in addition to irregularity in coverage. For instance, the rate of unemployment does not keep in mind people who may not be aggressively in search of jobs, including students who go to learning institutions or still, people who are in jail. Also it does not consider folks who are disabled and may desire to join the labor force, as well as individuals who toil for a short time and search for engagements full-time. Besides, a few people decide not to engage in some sort of unemployment and these figures are not measured. Because of failing to incorporate every person without a job in the computation of the job loss rate, the computation fails to give a precise measurement of the brunt of joblessness in a community. The prevalent fault in how various government agencies measure the rate of unemployment regards individuals who are vaguely termed to be jobless. The fundamental conjecture of overlooking them is that they are unemployed because they may perhaps not be interested in finding a job. Nevertheless, additional studies disagree with the conjecture. Research demonstrates that several individuals deemed to be unemployed truly would like an employment opportunity; they have merely quit searching because of they were not victorious in getting posts. Consequently, the rate of unemployment belittles the figure of citizens who would enjoy toiling for a salary other than they are not yet in gainful undertakings. An additional limitation of unemployment rate is that it does not differentiate occasional workers and the fully employed. Several folks reckoned as working by various government agencies are occasional employees who desire to be employed fully. Part-time employment hardly ever offers reimbursements or sufficient wages to pay for living costs. A working population consisting of a big figure of occasional employees, thus, cannot be deemed as strong. The phenomena in Blefuscu of the drop in the unemployment rate can be explained by the reasons above. Moreover, the rate of job losses can be misleading if a few factors are considered. Year 2005 2006 Population 15,000,000 15,000,000 Working age population 12,900,000 12,900,000 Number of people not in the labor force 100,000 86,000 Part-time employment as a percentage of total employment 18% 20% Number of full time employees 4,953,000 4,967,000 Rate of unemployment 40% 0.67% The table above shows the labor market statics for the hypothetical country, Blefuscu. The unemployment rate fell in 2006 and therefore the number of people not in the workforce dropped to 86,000. In addition, the unemployment rate fell because majority of the new workers opted for part time jobs, thus the percentage of them increased to 20%. Those who went for full time employment increased by a small margin to 4,967,000; the labor force summed up to 12,814,000 people and the jobless lot lessened to 86,000. In 2006, the unemployment rate was 0.67%. Although we have noted that this rate may not be ultimate rate. References Barrett, C, (2011), 'Australia and the Great Recession', Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington DC Black, S, and Cusbert, T, (2010), 'Durable Goods and the Business Cycle', Bulletin, September quarter 2010, pp 11-18, RBA, Sydney. Blanchard, O, Dell'Ariccia, G, and Mauro, P, (2010) 'Rethinking Macroeconomic Policy', IMF Staff Position Note, SPN/10/03, IMF, Washington DC. Boundless, (2016) Shortcomings of the Measurement, Boundless Economics, Retrieved May 2016 from https://www.boundless.com/economics Broda, C, and Parker, J A, (2008) 'The Impact of the 2008 Tax Rebates on Consumer Spending: Preliminary Evidence', Working Paper, University of Chicago Graduate School of Business Fukao, and Tangjun Yuan, (2007) Is China Gaining from Triangular Trade? An Analysis Based on Asian International Input-Output Tables, Trade-Related Indices and Trade Structure, IDE Statistical Data Series No. 91, Institute of Developing Economies (in Japanese).

Macbeth and Richard Nixon free essay sample

The tragic hero is an exceptional being capable of greatness. He often sets himself up as equal to superior to the cosmic powers, or at least he seems himself as an extraordinary man. This hero has a flaw. The hero falls from a high place of stature and pride. The tragic hero Is In some way responsible for their fall and ultimately realizes their flaw too late before they are punished. Macbeth and Richard M. Nixon are tragic heros for these reasons. Macbeth Is a tragic hero because he Is capable of greatness he was born into a wealth family.Macbeth is the thane of Glacis and is a DOD general. King Duncan rewarded him for be so loyal to Scotland and for being brave in the battle against Norway and gave him the title thane of Castor. Richard Nixon is also tragic hero in some ways he is different from Macbeth and in other ways, he is the same as Macbeth. We will write a custom essay sample on Macbeth and Richard Nixon or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Richard Nixon unlike Macbeth was not born in to a wealthy family Richard Nixon is the son of a grocer, he was born on 9th January 1913. His father owned a small lemon farm in Worry Linda, California. A good student, Nixon graduated from Whittier College in 1934.Macbeth has a weakness his ambition the witches and his wife Lady Macbeth control him by exploiting his ambition to be king. Macbeth has ambition to be king but at the same time, they brought his ambition to be king out his more. Lady Macbeth uses his ambition to get him to kill King Duncan. Similar to Macbeth Onions weakness Is his ambition to be president. Onions ambition is the reason why he did all the things he did o become and to stay president such as cover ups ,phone taps. The three witches told Macbeth that he would be thane of Glacis, of Castor and he would be king.When woo of the three predictions came, true Macbeth wanted to be king more. Lady Macbeth convinced Macbeth to kill King Duncan because he wanted the third prediction to come true. Macbeth killed King Duncan and became king. Macbeth became paranoid of someone taking the throne from him and kills people who were his friend, Mac duff family, servant, baboon, balance. Lady Macbeth committed suicide due to the guilty of having murdered king Duncan. The lords abandon Macbeth and then Mac duff attacks with solider to take back the crown and give to Malcolm the true heir.Macbeth Is behead and me his end. Richard Nixon and Macbeth are similar because they both made it to fame, high status, power, and the make a wrong decision. During his campaign for re-election, a break-in occurred on the night of June 17, 1972, as five burglars entered the Democratic National Committee offices inside the Watergate office building in Washington. This was Just the start of problems for Nixon people suspected that he was connected but he denied it. Many questionable choices were made and cover-ups were found this all lead to his resignation of the presidency on Friday, August 9.Macbeth did not know if he should kill Duncan because two of the predictions came true on their own. When Macbeth goes to kill the king and is walking down the hallway, he has mixed feelings on what he should do then he sees a dagger going toward Duncan and decide to do It. Macbeth thinks about what he Is doing when he Is standing over Duncan who Is sleep but then murders him when he wakes up and sees the dagger. Both Macbeth and Nixon suffered had conflict. Richard Nixon suffered when ran and lost in many going to run again in any election but then came back and ran for president.Machetes nemesis is Mac duff because in the story, Macbeth has Mac duffs entire family and their servant murdered . The murder of Mac duffs family meant that Mac duff would want revenge. In the end Mac duff and Macbeth fight. During the fight, Macadam tells Macbeth that he was not of woman born, but rather from his mothers womb (AH. SIS. LA 5-16 Macbeth). The witches said that only someone who was not born by a woman can kill Macbeth and that is Mac duff who was taken from his mothers womb not born by her. Although I would say Richard Nixon does not have a nemesis. Nixon did run unsuccessfully for the presidency in 1960, losing by a very close amount to John F. Kennedy. The tragic hero is an exceptional being capable of greatness. He often sets himself up as equal to superior to the cosmic powers, or at least he seems himself as an extraordinary man. This hero has a flaw. The hero falls from a high place of stature and pride. The tragic hero is in some way responsible for their fall and ultimately realizes their flaw too late before they are punished. That is why Macbeth and Richard M. Nixon are tragic herds.

Heterogeneous vs. Homogeneous Mixtures

Heterogeneous vs. Homogeneous Mixtures The terms heterogeneous and homogeneous refer to mixtures of materials in chemistry. The difference between heterogeneous and homogeneous mixtures is the degree to which the materials are mixed together and the uniformity of their composition. A homogeneous mixture is a mixture where the components that make up the mixture are uniformly distributed throughout the mixture. The composition of the mixture is the same throughout. There is only one phase of matter observed in a homogeneous mixture. So, you wouldnt observe both a liquid and a gas or a liquid and a solid in a homogeneous mixture. 1:43 Watch Now: What's the Difference Between Homogeneous and Heterogeneous? Homogeneous Mixture Examples There are several examples of homogeneous mixtures encountered in everyday life: AirSugar waterRainwaterVodkaVinegarDishwashing detergentSteel You cant pick out components of a homogeneous mixture or use a simple mechanical means to separate them. You cant see individual chemicals or ingredients in this type of mixture. Only one phase of matter is present in a homogeneous mixture. A heterogeneous mixture is a mixture where the components of the mixture are not uniform or have localized regions with different properties. Different samples from the mixture are not identical to each other. There are always two or more phases in a heterogeneous mixture, where you can identify a region with properties that are distinct from those of another region, even if they are the same state of matter (e.g., liquid, solid). Heterogeneous Mixture Examples Heterogeneous mixtures are more common than homogeneous mixtures. Examples include: Cereal in milkVegetable soupPizzaBloodGravelIce in sodaSalad dressingMixed nutsBowl of colored candiesSoil Usually, its possible to physically separate components of a heterogeneous mixture. For example, you can centrifuge (spin out) solid blood cells to separate them from the plasma of blood. You can remove ice cubes from soda. You can separate candies according to color. Telling Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Mixtures Apart Mostly, the difference between the two types of mixtures is a matter of scale. If you look closely at sand from a beach, you can see the different components, such as shells, coral, sand, and organic matter. Its a heterogeneous mixture. If, however, you view a large volume of sand from a distance, its impossible to discern the different types of particles. The mixture is homogeneous. This can seem confusing! To identify the nature of a mixture, consider its sample size. If you can see more than one phase of matter or different regions in the sample, it is heterogeneous. If the composition of the mixture appears uniform no matter where you sample it, the mixture is homogeneous.

Make Carbonated Fizzy Fruit With Dry Ice

Make Carbonated Fizzy Fruit With Dry Ice Use dry ice to carbonate fruit. The fruit will be filled with tingly carbon dioxide bubbles, like a soda. The fizzy fruit is great to eat on its own or it can be used in recipes. Fizzy Fruit Materials Dry iceFruitPlastic bowl You only need two ingredients for this project: dry ice and fruit. Make sure to use  food grade dry ice. There is another kind of commercial dry ice, not intended for use around food or consumption, which may contain icky-tasting and potentially unhealthy impurities. Food grade dry ice is solid carbon dioxide, minus the nastiness. Technically, you can use any fruit for this recipe, but there are some that work better than others. Apples, grapes, oranges and other citrus fruit, and bananas work great. Some people dislike the effect carbonation has on the flavor of strawberries. You may wish to experiment to suit your taste. A plastic bowl is recommended because it isnt likely to get cold enough to handle. There is a small risk of getting frostbite handling the base of a glass or metal bowl filled with dry ice with bare hands. Of course, if you wear gloves or use care, its not a big concern. Carbonate the Fruit You want the dry ice to be in relatively small chunks. If your dry ice came as pellets or chips, youre in good shape. Otherwise, you will need to smash your dry ice. Do this by placing the dry ice in a paper bag or by covering it with a dishcloth and whacking it (gently) with a hammer. You want to break it into pieces, not pulverize it.Dry ice vigorously sublimes into carbon dioxide gas. As this happens, the gas is pushed into the fruit. Thinner slices or pieces of fruit will become more saturated with carbon dioxide bubbles than larger pieces of fruit. You can use whole grapes or strawberries, but be sure to slice or chunk larger fruits, such as apples or bananas. Slicing grapes or strawberries in half opens them up and helps them get fizzier.Place some dry ice pellets in a bowl. Set the fruit on the dry ice. You can add more dry ice if you wish. If you like to play with my food, you can stir the mixture, but its not really necessary. If you want the fruit to get fizzy, but not free ze, place a small cutting board over the dry ice and set the fruit on top of the cutting board. The board should offer enough thermal insulation to protect the fruit. Allow time for the dry ice to sublime (at least 10 minutes). The fruit will freeze and become carbonated.Eat the fizzy fruit, using it in recipes or add it to drinks (makes interesting ice cubes). The fruit will remain fizzy as it thaws, but it should be used (frozen or thawed) within an hour or so because it will lose its bubbles. Fizzy Fruit Safety Tips There are videos that show people carbonating fruit by sealing dry ice and fruit in a plastic bottle. This is not a particularly safe plan since overpressuring the bottle will cause it to explode. If you decide to try this method, make sure your bottle is plastic (less shrapnel in the event of an explosion) and use a minimal amount of dry ice. I do not recommend this procedure. You can get fizzy fruit without risking a trip to the emergency room.This goes along with the first point: dont seal dry ice into a closed container.Dry ice is very cold, so dont handle it or eat it.Freshly frozen fizzy fruit is the same temperature as dry ice (around -109 °F) so allow it to warm a bit before consuming it. Fizzy Fruit Fun Facts Carbon dioxide bubbles, whether they be in soda, beer, or fizzy fruit, trigger a minor pain response in the nerves of the mouth and tongue. This actually enhances flavor and is one reason why carbonated food and drink is (ironically) pleasurable.Carbonation also affects the flavor of food directly by changing its pH. It makes food more acidic. Whether or not this improves flavor depends on the composition of the product.The pH change can also change the color of the fruit. Deeply-colored fruits are often natural pH indicators. Carbonated Fruit Recipe Ideas Slice strawberries, sugar them, and add a bit of water to make a syrup. Stir dry ice into the mixture to carbonate the berries and syrup. Use the carbonated strawberries as a topping for strawberry shortcake or ice cream.Slice apples and strawberries. Carbonate them with dry ice. Add them to champagne.Slice a banana. Make it fizzy then coat it with chocolate. Allow the banana to warm slightly before eating it.If you have leftover dry ice, another fun fizzy recipe to try is dry ice ice cream.

Communication in Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Communication in Economics - Essay Example While private investments showed growth of 0.72% and net exports rose by 0.99% in last quarter of 2013, the government spending is a major drag on the economy as it declined by 1.05%. In view of the economic recovery observed in 2013, it was expected that economys momentum will continue; however, bad weather in first quarter and overseas volatility have reduced hopes of further improvement. The third quarter healthy growth of 4.1% in 2013 had generated enthusiasm across the businesses and industries to continue to have rapid job creations, but certain other economic measurements have been found to giving differing signals. Job creation, consumer spending, factory output and the construction industry data are not in line with the expectations. Many attribute this down performance in the first quarter of 2014 to extreme winter in many parts of the country. Jeremy Lawson, an economist at Standard Life, is of the view that the growth rates recorded in the previous quarters were, in fact, over stating what was happening actually. First-quarter consumer-spending is not as per expectations and the mining industry is still passing through a weak market globally. On export front, the US economy registered a 9.4% growth, which was originally anticipated to rise by 11.4%. Business spending showed buoyancy in the second half of 2013 as companies continued to invest in buildings, software, and equipments. Fixed investment grew by 7.3% in the fourth quarter generating hopes for future growth. Public-sector wages are mostly stagnant not showing any hopes of recovery. As usual, the saving rate has been registered only 4.5% in the fourth quarter that is one percentage point less when compared with the average of the previous three years. Consumers are spending but the government is holding back. In the last quarter of 2013, the Federal Government spending was down by 12.8%. The Federal Reserve is

Case 1 FedEx Corporation Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

1 FedEx Corporation - Case Study Example The company is facing a big problem of culture diversification. Most of the employees come from different countries and hence have different backgrounds. It is hard to meet their culturally demands and hence it becomes a problem in managing them. The company solves the problem of culture barrier by learning different cultures of people. Learning different cultures of people help in understanding them well and hence avoid work conflicts. FedEx offers training to employees in order to improve their working efficiency (Anthony & Perrewe, 2010). FedEx has a good paperless system of storing data of its employees. They have programs called PRISM HIRS which records any information pertaining to a worker. This programs record jobs posting, applicants and training information. It is important to maintain this strategy because information can never be lost. Information stored in files is mostly misplaced. There is also communication where employees airs their grievances and make suggestions. This should be maintained because it boosts the morale of

Fmla Persuasive Speech Essay Example for Free

Fmla Persuasive Speech Essay THESIS: American families will benefit from Family Security Insurance. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: If your like me, youre getting a college degree to not only provide your self with an income, but also to take care your family members in their times of need. STATEMENT OF CREDIBILITY: I have found through researching work and family in the United States, that we as a country are doing a poor job supporting parents, and I have found a policy that I believe would help. PREVIEW OF MAIN POINTS: First, well examine why working families need a better safety net today than working families have in the past, second, well take a look at how current laws are not doing enough to protect families from hardship in the current workforce, and finally, well understand how a modest proposal will make a dramatic difference for the lives of American families. BODY I. Working families need a better safety net in todays workforce. A. The problem is that todays workplaces have not caught up with societal changes. 1.The work-life balance is getting increasingly harder for women because the current economic situation requires two earners. 2.Bankruptcy expert Elizabeth Warren stated that two-incomes are needed to make ends meet for middle class families in a 2006 article for the Social Science Research Council. B. This problem has the consequences that more children and women living in poverty. Elizabeth Warrens 2003 book The Two-Income Trap, she states that having a child is now the single best predictor that a woman will end up in financial collapse. The US Census Bureaus 2011 data show among women who head families, 4 in 10 lived in poverty (up from 38.5 percent in 2009). The child poverty rate, already high at 20.7 percent in 2009, jumped to 22.0 percent last year. More than half of poor children lived in female-headed families in 2010. C. This problem started when health insurance, middle class taxes and housing prices experienced a sharp increase, yet incomes remain flat. 1. Warren illustrates that there is a paradox, because families make more, yet have more money but less income to save. 2.The addition bump in income has placed families in a higher tax bracket giving them another financial burden. The cost of child care is another financial burden. D. This problem has the largest impact on middle class and poor families. 1.Joan C. Williams writes in her 2010 book Reshaping the Work Family Debate that many single mothers are one sick child away from being fired. 2. Elizabeth Warren points out that now, more children will live through their parents bankruptcy than their parents divorce. TRANSITION: Now that I have shown you that working families need a better safety net, let me tell why todays workplaces is placing families in a precarious position. II. Working families are going to workplaces where the current laws dont do enough, and rules still represent the outdated society of the 1960s. A. The current law, Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) doesnt go far enough. 1. Under the current Family and Medical Leave Act, parents are only offered legal protection from getting fired for taking a leave of absence to care for newborn or sick family members. 2. According to a 2010 report from Georgetown University Law Center and the University of California Berkeley, the FMLA protections reach only half the workforce because it excludes small businesses. 3. The FMLA provides protection for workers to take only unpaid leave, which many workers cannot afford. B. Few are advocating for changes in FMLA, so working mothers often quit their jobs when they have a baby or there is a family crisis, which is making America fall behind in the global market place. 1. According to Edward E Gordans 2009 book Winning the Global Talent Showdown a lack of family friendly workplaces is causing a stampede of new mothers out the office door. 2. Gordon concludes that Americas inability to retain talented women is making America less competitive in a global economy. C. Working families today are still working under workplace norms from the 1960s. 1. Joan C Williams notes that in the 1960, only 10 percent of mothers worked and only 10 percent of couples divorced. 2. Today, 70 percent of American children live households where both parents work and 40 percent of couples divorce. 3. Today, many families will end up in economic ruin if only one spouse works. TRANSITION: Finally, since the workplace norms and current laws have not caught up to our changing society, lets look at a policy that could provide some relief to families. III. Working families would benefit greatly from Family Security Insurance (F.S.I.) policy initiative co-authored by researchers at Georgetown University Law Center and the University of California at Berkeley in 2010. A. Family Security Insurance would provide paid leave to both men and women for health and care-giving reasons. The policy could be implemented by the State or Federal Governments The policy would pay a federal minimum wage for up to 18 weeks. a. This pay is taxable, b. We could also provide baby bonus (appox. $5000.) to parents who dont take the leave to offset the cost of child-care. c. This policy has already been implemented in Australia in 2010. B. Lew Daily of Newsweek, Aug 3rd, 2009 published 2007 study from McGill University found that out 173 America is â€Å"among the worst† for supporting families. 1.We stood with only Liberia, Swaziland, and Papua New Guinea as the only countries providing no paid maternity leave. 2. Of all the wealthy countries, excluding ours, parents are entitled to up to 47 weeks of maternity leave. 3. Australias 2011 Paid Leave Scheme is the most modest; least costly of all industrialized nations family leave acts. C. Some would argue that implementing a broader family leave act would hurt businesses. 1. A broader family leave act will lead to better business outcome. 2. It would retain talented workers who have families. Paid time off for sick employees would aid in full recovery causing less chronic conditions saving businesses money on healthcare. 4 Recent research at Georgetown University Law Center and U of C Berkeley found parents receiving paid leave to care for a new born came back to work afterward and were more productive overall. D. How to help Washington State lead the way with Family Security Insurance. 1. Write your congresswoman, Jaime Herrera Beutler, expressing your concern for the families of Washingtons 3rd district. 2. Raise awareness by talking to your friends and family. 3. Call your parents and say thank you for whatever choices they have made to get you here. CONCLUSION REVIEW OF MAIN POINTS: Today, we have first examined why working families need a better safety net in the current workplace, second we have looked at how the current laws are not doing enough to protect families in 2012 from financial hardship , and finally we understand how a modest proposal could go a long way toward making American families more secure.

Uncontrollable Lifestyle Changes :: Legal Issues, Illegal Immigration

Out of the hundreds of thousand immigrants who illegally cross the border there are some who make it to America. The dream of living in America and finding work so they can support their families in Mexico can become a reality. When it becomes a reality many immigrants who make it across start to realize their stuck in America. Through generations after generations many immigrants succeed at earning money in the states and return home to enjoy their success with their families. However, others find out that America has influenced their persona and they decide to stay in America permanently. The beliefs and values they possess are still with them but hidden from the fast paced life of America. Hispanic/Latinos culture is very different from the culture in America. Coming to America has its influences on all immigrants. Situations and plans tend to fade after experiencing the in different cultures of America. Martinez (2001) writes, â€Å"Raul came to America alone to give his children a future. He just never thought about how that very future might swallow them up† (p. 235). It seems it is usually the children of immigrants who tend to be changing their beliefs because of the American influences. Most Hispanic/Latinos come to America to earn money for their families then move back to Mexico. Living in America for several years maybe even a decade can change someone. Martinez (2001) writes, â€Å"Baltazar is likely to disappoint his father and be swallowed up by an American future† (p. 277). Some Hispanic/Latinos still have the same family values from Mexico but manage to change their mind about moving back. They may think the struggle of Mexico’s economy will never change or couldn’t imagine living in those types of poverty environments again. It is like they are sacrificing their traditions and cultures to provide their children an education. Skinner (2006) writes, â€Å"The danger and concern to the U.S. are that poverty places even stronger pressures on the Mexican undereducated and unemployed to migrate north to the U.S. in search of low skill jobs and survival† (p. 7). In order to survive the only option is crossing the border illegally for some Hispanic/Latinos. In poverty stricken homes in Mexico there are not many choices for someone’s future. Education is the main attraction for immigrants who think about future purposes for their children.

Barclay’s Bank

Barclays is the third largest bank in the United Kingdom. The bank can trace its roots back to 1690 in London. The name â€Å"Barclay† first arose in 1736. Today the bank is a global financial service provider operating in the UK, Europe, United States, and Africa. The bank's headquarters are at One Churchill Place in Canary Wharf, in London's Docklands, having moved there in May 2005 from Lombard Street in the City of London. Barclay's US headquarters are in Wilmington, Delaware where it acquired the former Juniper Bank (Answers Barclays Bank 2006).Barclays is a UK-based financial services group, with a very large international presence in Europe, the USA, Africa and Asia. It is engaged primarily in banking, investment banking and investment management. In terms of market capitalisation, Barclays is one of the largest financial services companies in the world (Barclays Newsroom 2006). Barclays has been involved in banking for over 300 years and operates in over 60 countries w ith more than 113,000 permanent employees (including 33,500 at Absa). For the year ended 31st December 2005, the group achieved a pre-tax profit of ?5,280 million, up fifteen per cent on 2004. In 2005 Barclays paid approximately ? 3 billion in taxes (Barclays Newsroom 2006). Customers are served through a variety of channels comprising: the branch network, cash machines, telephone banking, online banking and relationship managers. It is managed through two business areas, UK Retail Banking and UK Business Banking. In UK Retail Banking there are 14 million retail customers, including current accounts, savings, mortgages, and general insurance (Barclays Newsroom 2006).Local Business provides banking services to 592,000 customers; UK Premier provides banking, investment products and advice to 286,000 affluent customers (Barclays Newsroom 2006). UK Business Banking provides relationship banking to larger and medium-sized businesses. 183, 000 customers are served by a network of relation ship and industry sector specialist managers (Barclays Newsroom 2006). Barclay’s strategic objective is to â€Å"To deliver top quartile total shareholder return relative to our peers, consistently over time† (Barclays p 2 2004). The company focuses directly on increasing shareholder value rather than employee retention and morale.Barclay’s does not have a directly available mission and values statement that is visible to the external environment. The internal environment at Barclay’s is one of traditional top-down management. The corporate culture at Barclay’s maintains a hierarchy of experience and education, where the management team places a large amount of focus on meeting the shareholder strategy. According to Barclay’s â€Å"In recent months, we have taken a number of steps to enhance further our corporate governance practices. We have expanded the remit of the Remuneration Committee to cover strategic human resource issues† (B arclay’s 2004 p 3).These strategic changes included: â€Å"continued and upgraded our investment in established; programs for the community, equality and diversity, and the environment; built on our reputation as a pioneer and leader in the field of financial inclusion; excellent terms and conditions for colleagues impacted by offshore outsourcing; developed a clear statement on human rights, and continued our participation in the Business Leaders Initiative on Human Rights; and made good progress in adapting our branches and offices to be fully accessible to customers with disabilities (Barclays p 12 2004).Barclay’s did not, however, remunerate a corporate strategy or mission to address its near 20% turnover rate which has been continuous and barely changing for the past three years, an indication that Barclay’s focus is on stakeholder value and not developing or addressing employee morale. However, Barclays does have a large focus on community service, receiv ing the â€Å"2004 National Business Award for Corporate Social Responsibility† (Barclays p 12 2004). Roadmap-Thesis The thesis statement is that the lack of direct employee relationships may have a strong impact on the seemingly high turnover rate.Personal interviews were conducted over the telephone with two Barclay’s employees, neither of which are relatives. Saunders et al (2003) define an interview as â€Å"a purposeful discussion between two or more people,† and can collect data which is both reliable and valid. Saunders et al (2003) describe a structured interview as using questionnaires based on predetermined and standard or identical sets of questions; a semi-structured interview as having a list of themes and questions to be covered; and an unstructured interview as informal but used to explore in depth a general area of interest.The interviews conducted were unstructured, which is decidedly the best format for discussing the interesting concepts of Ba rclays organizational strategy and how it relates to the employees . Interview Results The organizational strategy at Barclay’s seems almost non-existent to the participants, who each note that while dedication to customer satisfaction is important, manager and leadership concerns are impacting the employee morale. One interviewee even equated working at Barclay’s to a prison system, which is a reflection of the top-down managerial strategy.This managerial strategy has not been forthcoming to create or enhance employee morale, in fact it almost seems as though the employees are afraid of, or diminished by, the current leadership strategy. Customer service metrics are well known, however it is the organization strategy to continue team training that focuses on the same customer service strategy and not on new information, such as training opportunities or important technological concerns of the employees.This creates an atmosphere where the employees may feel constricte d, rather than encouraged, by internal training and education. The organizational strategy may be clear to stakeholders, investors, and corporate government, but there seems to be a distinct lack of information dissemination to the ground floor employees, which makes it hard for employees to follow a strategic vision and understand their basic role in the organization.The organizational culture at Barclay’s seems another sore point with the participants, who explained that there is a concern with office politics. Both employees examined that within the organizational culture, there is a strong adherence to management rule where favoritism is accepted. The other disheartening view of the organizational culture is that one participant was made to feel frequently inadequate for asking questions.Another concern about the organizational culture is the manner in which management responds to employee’s needs, which seems seriously lacking in its execution. Both employees made statements regarding lack of quality leadership motivation and that management’s engagement with employees and their customer service does not fit into the employee’s need for motivation. Both interviewees understood the importance of customer service and were able to relate customer service quality to their functional roles.They did not state that leadership has offered a beneficial measurement of customer service or employee motivation, because neither participant made any positive statements regarding motivation as an organizational strategy. Based on these interviews, the concern with organizational strategy is not simply turnover rate as noted before, but that employees are not offered constant educational information about the organization, its values, mission, goals and opportunities. Academic Research Recommendations for ImprovementIn human capital management, organizational changes should be administered by a general framework according to Dreher and Doherty (p 16-17 2001): motivating change requires that the people within the organization understand and commit to the change; creating vision in employees is a continuation of commitment where employees know where they fit into that change; developing political support means that stakeholders-from employees to HR professionals-have been assessed according to their place and function in the change; managing the transition must be set by parameters and adequate available technology as well as an understanding employee wide of how the parameters and technology work towards the goals; the momentum is sustained by â€Å"(1) providing resources for change, (2) building a support system for the agents of change (3) developing related competencies and skills among those charged with administering and using the modified process and (4) reinforcing new behaviors called for by the changed environment.† To this effect, Barclays must alter their strategy towards change and not the change itself by adequate communication and technology as well as transition training and reinforcement of change strategies amongst employees to foster a positive environment and develop open lines of input and communication. Incentive programs involve a system of rewards and recognition. There is a distinction between recognition programs and reward programs. Recognition is acknowledgment, appreciation and approval, and targets the psychological need of the individual. Reward, by definition, is usually something given in return for good or evil done or received, especially that is offered or given for a service. Rewards focus on the physical benefit, usually financial, however â€Å"self-esteem, respect, intrinsic motivation and dignity are not guaranteed by a competitive salary† (Glasscock and Gram 1995).Both recognition and rewards are important in reinforcing intrinsic and extrinsic motivators, and provide positive reinforcement for desired behavior performance. Employees will differ on which has the greater personal impact, but ultimately both reward and recognition programs affect an individual’s self esteem. The value an employee has on an incentive program is therefore highly correlated to the employee's engagement in customer service. According to Dr. Mohammed S. Chowdhury of Monroe College, Bronx, New York and Mohammed Nurul Amin of the West Virginia University of Technology: Employee values, attitudes, and leadership behavior play a very important role in enhancing employee work motivation and performance.Employee work values, attitudes and leadership behavior can carefully be adjusted to produce a strong impact on employee work motivation (www. sba. muohio. edu). A customer-focused culture is enhanced when employees understand that the organization will reward them for exceptional performance and customer service. Research shows that employee motivation and engagement is greatly enhanced when employees clearly understand the link between organiza tionally desired behaviors and rewards. It is important to recognize that an employee focus and a customer focus are complementary. It is noted that the importance of employee engagement in a sales environment to diminish the amount of money spent on employees.Accordingly, research has shown that improving the employee engagement will increase employee retention. Kenexa. com states that: Research has shown that fully engaged employees tend to be more productive, conscientious and have higher levels of organizational commitment. In addition, research has shown that an engaged work force tends to stay employed longer, miss work less often, have higher levels of customer satisfaction and service quality, attain and surpass organizational goals more regularly, are more productive and have comparatively lower worker's compensation and accident claims (2005). To measure constructs of employee engagement, benchmarks would be an above average response of high values.A successful research wo uld develop an increase in value rating per employee per category. In essence, the purpose is to develop employee engagement in conjunction with the benchmarks and defined constructs according to the majority values of tenured employees. Benchmarks for evaluation of success can be defined by an organizational increase in retention of employees compared to past trends in the facility, with increase in employee engagement of facility compared to past trends. The recommendation is to focus on team and individual development to ensure that employees become fully engaged within their function and as team members. According to David Beswick of the University of Melbourne:Mangers generally, and anyone formally or informally responsible for oversight of others who are engaged in work or learning tasks, will be aware that some people are participating more out of interest in the task than others are. Others gain their satisfaction principally out the way in which their performance on the tas k leads to rewards like pay or status or good grades in a course. But typically there is a mixture of motives for which a range of different incentives is relevant. (www. beswick. info 2004) Any recognition program will reflect an organization’s culture and values. Increasingly, recognition programs are part of company’s total quality program.Recognition programs may take several forms, from highly formalized programs induced and implemented by management to informal, spontaneous â€Å"ceremonies† arising from fellow co-workers. Recognition and celebrations are a ways of reaffirming to people that they are an important part of something that matters. Conclusion Engaged employees receive training for necessary skills and are â€Å"on board† with the organization's goals. Employees will be unable to perform if they lack the skills needed for their roles, so organizations need to identify employees with gaps in their training. Formal performance appraisal pr esents a good opportunity to do so.Research shows that organizations with good performance appraisal systems have significantly higher levels of employee engagement that those with a poor performance appraisal system. However, for performance appraisal to identify employees with specific needs, managers first need to have a good understanding of the performance appraisal system. Therefore, the training needs of managers should not be overlooked. Managers should be trained to identify performance weaknesses as well as how to effectively tie performance to recognition and rewards. Engaged employees receive training for necessary skills and are â€Å"on board† with the organization's goals.Employees will be unable to perform if they lack the skills needed for their roles, so organizations need to identify employees with gaps in their training. Formal performance appraisal presents a good opportunity to do so. Research shows that organizations with good performance appraisal syst ems have significantly higher levels of employee engagement that those with a poor performance appraisal system. However, for performance appraisal to identify employees with specific needs, managers first need to have a good understanding of the performance appraisal system. Therefore, the training needs of managers should not be overlooked. Managers should be trained to identify performance weaknesses as well as how to effectively tie performance to recognition and rewards. ReferencesAnswers Barclays Bank 2006 Barclays Bank Barclays plc Type Public Founded 1896 Location London , United Kingdom Key 2006 Answers Corporation . Retrieved September 15, 2007 from www. answers. com Barclays Bank PLC (2006) Barclays Newsroom. Registered in England. Registered No: 1026167. Registered Office: 1 Churchill Place, London, E14 5HP. . Retrieved September 15, 2007 from www. barclays. com Barclays (2004) Annual Report 2004. Registered Office: 1 Churchill Place, London, E14 5HP. Retrieved September 15, 2007 from www. investor. barclays. co. uk Beswick, David (2004) of the University of Melbourne. Copyright:  © David Beswick 1997-2004. Retrieved September 15, 2007 www. beswick. info Chowdhury, Mohammed S. (n. d.) Relative Importance of Employee Values, Attitudes and Leadership Behaviors in Employee Motivation. Monroe College, Bronx, New York Retrieved September 15, 2007 from www. sba. muohio. edu Dreher & Dougherty. (2001). Human resource strategy: A behavioral perspective for the general manager. New York: McGraw-Hill Glasscock and Gram (1995) Secrets of a Successful Employee Recognition System. BT Bastford. LTD. 2000 Kenexa. com (2005) 650 East Swedesford Road 2nd Floor Wayne, PA 19087 Retrieved September 15, 2007 from www. kenexa. com Saunders, M. , Lewis, P. and Thornhill, D. (2003), Research Methods for Business Students, 3rd Edition, London: FT Prentice Hall.

Introduction for “Piaget †Stages of cognitive development” Essay

Swiss Psychologist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) proposed the idea of the four stages of childhood cognitive development. These are age-related stages and refer to certain accomplishments that should be achieved, by the child, at the end of each stage. The first stage of cognitive development is the Sensorimotor stage, which lasts from birth to around two years of age. During this stage, children learn to coordinate their senses (hearing, sight, touch etc.) with their motor abilities. From two to seven years is the Pre-operational stage. Children of this age become capable of more sophisticated thinking. The Concrete operational stage lasts from about seven years of age to about twelve. These children put together what they have already learnt, with knowledge gained from new experiences. The final stage of cognitive development identified by Piaget, is the Formal operational stage. This lasts from twelve years of age onwards. People in this stage are capable of more complex thought processes. During the Concrete operational stage (7 to 12 years), children should develop an understanding of the principle of conservation. Conservation refers to the idea that if an object alters its shape or appearance, its volume, mass, length or area will not change. A child with an understanding of conservation should be able to think logically and see that these qualities have not changed, even if they appear to have done so. Achievement of conservation of mass can be demonstrated with two small balls of plasticine. A child is shown the plasticine and agrees that the balls are the same size. One of the balls is then squashed down. A pre-concrete operational child will probably decide that the ‘squashed’ ball is bigger, while a child at the Concrete operational stage should acknowledge that they are still the same weight or mass. This illustrates the ability of the child to understand how the object has changed, not only see the beginning and end result.

The Effect of Famine in North Korea

The Effect of Famine in North Korea The Asian continent is the world’s largest and most populous located mainly in the eastern and northern hemispheres. The population in Asia is estimated at about 4 billion people representing a whooping 60% of the world’s total human population as it currently stands (Lee 500).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Famine in North Korea specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Pacific Ocean borders Asian to the east while India is to the south of Asia. Asia is also bounded on the north by the Arctic Ocean. There are several independent states in Asia with China as the single largest country. It is these many countries that define Asia’s varying distribution of wealth. It is also characterized by its immeasurable size and magnificent range of different cultures, historical backgrounds, environmental orientation, natural resources and different government systems. The paper seeks to primarily f ocus on the effects of famine in North Korea. It will highlight its background information, the cause of famine in detail as well as the role of its government system in influencing economic development. North Korea is a one of the countries in the larger Asia. It is also referred to as the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) (Lee 513). Pyongyang is the largest and capital city of North Korea. It is divided from South Korea by The Korean Demilitarized Zone. North Korea borders China to its western region and Russian to the North-east. In 1948, North Korea declined to participate in an election that was held in the south which was supervised by the United Nations. This refusal led to the creation of the current independent governments of North and South Korean states (Lee 517). Continued tag of war for the sovereignty over the whole of Peninsula resulted in the Korean War in the year 1950. The war ended three years later with armistice but no peace treaty was ever sig ned which implies that the two states are still at war on book. The two states joined the UN in 1991 with North Korea withdrawing unilaterally from the armistice in May 2009.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As far as politics is concerned, North Korea has been a single-party state. Its united front is steered by the Korean Workers’ Party and is governed by the ideology of self-reliance known as Juche which was advocated by North Korea’s late â€Å"Eternal President† Kim Il-sung. The ideology was made official in 1972 when the state adopted a new constitution. Juche had been used all along by Kim Il-sung to develop policies since mid 1950s. North Korea is officially a socialist republic but its operations have made other outside countries to regard it as a totalitarian Stalinistic characterized by dictatorship. Kim Jong-il, Kim Il-sung’s son, is the current leader of the armed forces and secretary of the KWP Central Committee Secretariat. Kim Il-sung is the only president since he was never replaced when he died in 1994, but instead he was the given the name, â€Å"Eternal President†. The ceasefire of 1953 marked the end of the Korean War but since then the relationship between the government of North Korea and America, Canada, Japan, Europe, the European Union, as well as South Korea has been tense (Eberstadt, Marc, Albina 86). This has been fueled by North Korean program of enriching uranium. North Korean legislature is the Supreme People’s Assembly which is currently being led by Kim Yong -man North Korean climate is also of notable importance. It has four major seasons across the year. Long winter season comes with biting cold. This country experiences snowfall of 37 days on average during the winter season. It ha s also been established that the northern mountainous regions have a tendency to exp erience particularly harsh weather which in turn may negatively affect cultivation (Noland, Sherman, Tao 437). The period during which summer occurs is relatively shorter.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Famine in North Korea specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It tends to be hot, humid, and rainy as a result of the southern and southeast monsoon winds that blow moisture from over the Pacific Ocean. It is during summer that the Peninsula is affected by typhoons with a frequency of once every summer. The third and the fourth seasons are the spring and autumn respectively. They are transitional periods which are characterized by mild temperatures and varying winds which bring forth pleasing weather. Moreover, there are natural hazards that occur in North Korea which include; drought experienced during the spring season and later occasionally followed by destructive flooding. Typhoons, on the other hand, ar e experienced mostly for the period of the early fall. North Korea has experienced disasters of varying magnitudes that have impacted negative on the country’s general development. In 1995, North Korea was hit by devastating famine and by 1997; the damage was at its peak. The famine’s origin was traced by the country’s authority to the extraordinary floods coupled with the collapse of the Soviet Union in the mid-1990s (Noland, Sherman, Tao 459). The losses caused by starvation and hunger-related illness have been estimated, according to North Korea’s Public Security Ministry, to be between 2.5 million and 3 million lives. This was during the period between 1995 and March 1998, which represents about 12 % of the country’s total population in 2009 (Eberstadt, Marc, Albina 94). Prior to the famine, North Korea could provide food to all its citizens following the massive industrialization program of agricultural production in the preceding decades. T he economic system had been relatively stable due to healthy relationship with the Soviet Union as far as trade and pricing was concerned.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The economic development has always been directly under the control of the state. The dawn of the unfortunate fall of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s impacted negatively on the economic growth of the country due to loss of ready market (Eberstadt, Marc, Albina 97). There was a significant decrease in productivity in the country’s agricultural and industrial sectors. These events were to set the pace for the then looming crisis in North Korea. It was in the year 1992 and 1993 that the media in North Korea started advocating for regulation of daily meals by the citizens (Smith 98). The media requested people to reduce the meals per day to two rather than the usual three, claiming that excessive eating was unhealthy for the body. People in some regions started experiencing food shortages and they could go for days without food despite the government’s concerted efforts to supply the rationing coupons. Food distribution started going down in the later months of 1994 a nd this implied that the shops had nothing to offer then. In 1994, the North Korean media officially admitted that hunger existed in the country (Niksch, 11 April, 1996). A year later, the North Korean government gave in to the fact that there was a national food shortage. This admission triggered negotiations for external food aid and in June, the government in Pyongyang reached a consensus with the governments of Japan and South Korea. The following month, government announced to its citizens that the country will receive foreign food aid, though the authorities did not mention the role of the South in the emergency rescue. While still reacting to the national hunger crisis emanating from the failure of trade and production systems, North Korea was yet to experience another equally devastating disaster that only helped to enhance the existing disaster (Smith 107). It was in the months of July and August, 1995 that the country experienced catastrophic floods that brought North Kore a crumbling. The effects were overwhelming. According to government sources, it resulted in the displacement of 5.4 million people as well as the destruction of about 330, 000 hectares of land used for crop production. Furthermore, about 1.9 million tons of grain had been completely lost in the havoc (Eberstadt, Marc, Albina 101). The damage accruing from floods alone, as reported by the government, was estimated at about $15 billion. The impacts of the floods were immensely huge. At the end of 1995, reports from reliable sources estimated that about 2.1 million and 500,000 pregnant women were at risk of dying due to starvation, especially in the following months (Noland, Sherman, Tao 467). In July 1996, floods, though of lesser severity were experienced resulting in renewed call for help in anticipation of more devastating effects in the form of famine. In March 1997, North Korea started reporting cases of malnourishment caused by famine. The claims of a major famine were, howeve r, disputed by other observers on the ground. It is imperative to note that famine in North Korean is a product of so many other factors characterized by systematic crisis and continued decline in income generation (Smith 106). Entitlement of vulnerable groups has also helped in escalating the problem due to starvation. Decisions by the government to regulate supply of food through the Public Distribution System (PDS) exposed the entitlement groups to starvation more than the market forces did. PDS as a system has been used for some time to supply subsidized food rations to about 62% of the country’s population (Smith 110). Apart from the ray of other structural problems in North Korea, the organizational problems in the agricultural sector have added to the crisis. The over-centralization of decision-making as well as over-reliance on state farms has been identified to be part of the major causes of famine (Smith, 112). Most of the country’s crisis, therefore, does no t arise solely from natural disasters but government policies and operations have helped in courting trouble for the North Korean people. Immediate reforms to the government system should be made as well as the restoration of the country’s global image since even after a decade into the 21st century; the country has sour relations with most partner states like South Korea and the US. The essay has briefly discussed North Korean as a country. It has elaborated on the causes and effects of famine which include poor trade systems, and catastrophic floods resulting in the deaths of millions of North Korean people. Government policies have been identified as playing a major role in thwarting economic development in North Korea and that a lot need to be done to save the country from further devastation. Eberstadt, N., Marc, R., Albina, T. (2005). Impact of the Collapse of Soviet and Russian Trade with the DPRK, 1989-1993. The Korean Journal of National  Unification. 4 (2) 86-10 3 Lee, H. (2009). Korea and World Affairs: Supply and Demand for Grains in North Korea.  Journal of Policy Reform. 14 (3) 500-52. Niksch, L. (1996). North Korean Food Shortages: U.S. and Allied Responses. CRS  Report to Congress, Washington, 11 April. Noland, M., Sherman, R. Tao W. (1999). Rigorous Speculation: The Collapse and Revival of the North Korean Economy. Working Paper Series No. 99-1.  Washington: Institute for International Economics. 435-67 Smith, H. (2000). The North Korean Food Economy: Catalyst for Collapse? In Economic Integration of the Korean Peninsula. SPECIAL REPORT. Washington: Institute for International Economics, 97-112

7 Top Tips on Writing the Time

7 Top Tips on Writing the Time 7 Top Tips on Writing the Time As anyone who has turned up for a midday meeting at midnight will tell you, clarity is vital when writing the time of day. But there are many ways to write the time, and the best approach isn’t always obvious. So to help out, we’ve prepared this guide to putting the time down on paper. 1. Words or Numerals? You can write the time of day using either words or numerals. If you are using numerals, you would usually include both hours and minutes, although you can omit the minutes in less formal writing. For instance, all the following would be acceptable: She gets up at six in the morning every day. She gets up at 6:00 in the morning every day. She gets up at 6 o’clock in the morning every day. As a rule, though, you would only write out the time as words when: It is part of a full sentence, particularly in descriptive or literary writing. Using a 12-hour clock (never with a 24-hour clock). Youre referring to an approximate or round time (e.g., saying â€Å"ten thirty† is fine, but you would not usually write â€Å"twenty-four minutes after eight†). In most other cases, numerals are the clearer option for writing the time, especially in scientific and technical writing, where precision is vital. 2. AM and PM The abbreviations AM and PM can be used when writing the time as numerals. Each applies to a different time of day: AM is short for ante meridiem, meaning â€Å"before noon.† PM is short for post meridiem, meaning â€Å"after noon.† As such, we use AM and PM to indicate the time of day when we are using a 12-hour clock. We can see how this works more clearly if we write out various times of day in both 12-hour and 24-hour formats: Time 12-Hour Clock 24-Hour Clock Midnight 12:00 AM 00:00 Three in the morning 03:00 AM 03:00 Half past eight in the morning 08:30 AM 08:30 Midday 12:00 PM 12:00 Three in the afternoon 03:00 PM 15:00 Half past eight in the evening 08:30 PM 20:30 You can see here that we need AM and PM with the twelve-hour clock for clarity. Without them, we wouldn’t be able to tell the difference between, e.g., midday and midnight. Likewise, though, you do not need to include AM or PM with a 24-hour time because it is already clear. There are also several ways to write AM and PM, including: ALL CAPS, small caps, or lower case (e.g., 12 AM, 12 AM, or 12 am) With or without periods between the letters (e.g., 8 PM or 8 P.M.) With or without a space after the number (e.g., 1 AM or 1AM) Consistency is key here, so make sure to apply one style throughout your document. You may also want to check your style guide if you have one, as some organizations will have their own rules for how to write AM and PM. 3. When to Use O’clock You’ll have noticed we use â€Å"o’clock† in one of the examples above. This term means â€Å"of the clock,† so we can use it to show that a number refers to a time. However, you should only use â€Å"o’clock† with exact hours: It is precisely 5 o’clock. âÅ"” I’m leaving at seven o’clock. âÅ"” It arrived at 7:34 o’clock. âÅ"Ëœ The gig starts at half past seven o’clock. âÅ"Ëœ We’ll save a discussion of when wine o’clock is for another blog post. 4. Past, After, Till, and To When writing the time as words, use â€Å"after,† â€Å"past,† and â€Å"to† for intervals between hours. You can combine these terms with either numbers or the words â€Å"half† and â€Å"quarter† depending on the time in question: Use after or past for intervals up to half an hour past the hour. Use to for any interval after the half hour up to the hour. Use half past to indicate 30 minutes past the hour. Use quarter past  or  quarter after for 15 minutes after the hour. Use quarter to for 15 minutes up to the hour. For example, we would use the above accordingly in the following times: 7:05 → Five after seven 7:15 → Quarter past seven 7:30 → Half past seven 7:45 → Quarter to eight 7:55 → Five to eight Keep in mind that using after for times is only standard in American English. In other English dialects, past is far more common. 5. Punctuating the Time When writing the time as numerals, you can use either a colon or a full stop between the hour and the minutes. In some cases, such as in the military, you can even write out a 24-hour time without any punctuation. For instance, the following are all acceptable ways of punctuating a time: We need to leave by 6:45 pm at the latest. âÅ"” We need to leave by 6.45 pm at the latest. âÅ"” We need to leave by 1845 at the latest. âÅ"” The colon is the most common option here, but it is a matter of preference. Unless you’re in the military, in which case we suggest sticking to protocol. 6. Time Zones For the contiguous states in the USA, we have four standard time zones: Pacific Time (PT) [UTC-08:00] Mountain Time (MT) [UTC-07:00] Central Time (CT) [UTC-06:00] Eastern Time (ET) [UTC-5:00] We also have regional time zones for Alaska, Hawaii, and 5 US dependencies, plus daylight saving time in some places during the warmer months of the year. And people in other countries use different time zones entirely! Basically, we’re saying geography can make time complicated. This is why we sometimes include a time zone when writing the time. The initials UTC in the examples above, for instance, stand for Universal Time Coordinated. We can use this to compare times in different places. So, â€Å"UTC-8:00† means that Pacific Time is 8 hours behind UTC. And since we know that Pacific Time is 8 hours behind UTC and Eastern Time is 5 hours behind UTC, we can work out that ET is 3 hours ahead of PT. In other words, by including a time zone when we write a time, we can help people in other places â€Å"translate† it into their own time zone. This is especially important if you are writing for an international audience, since not everyone will be in the same time zone. You therefore need to include a set of time zone initials so your reader can calculate the equivalent time wherever they are. For example, if we were making an announcement for an international audience, we might say: The live broadcast will begin at 9:00 pm UTC. Someone in Bolivia could then look up the difference between UTC and BOT (Bolivia Time) and know the broadcast begins at 5:00 pm where they are. 7. Avoiding Redundancy when Writing the Time In writing, redundancy means using a word unnecessarily. We mentioned above, for example, that you do not need to use AM or PM with 24-hour times because we already know whether a time is the morning or afternoon/evening when using a 24-hour clock. Other cases of temporal redundancy you may want to avoid include: Using â€Å"in the morning,† â€Å"in the afternoon,† etc., alongside AM/PM. Combining â€Å"in the morning,† â€Å"in the afternoon,† etc., with a 24-hour time. Using â€Å"midday,† â€Å"noon,† or â€Å"midnight† alongside a time in numbers. We’ll end this post with a few examples of redundancies so you know what to watch out for. Check out the table below, good luck writing the time, and let us know if you need any help proofreading your work. Redundancy Correction The event ends at 17:00 PM. The event ends at 17:00. The event ends at 5:00 PM. We leave at 6AM in the morning. We leave at 6AM. We leave at 6:00 in the morning. He went to bed at 23:00 at night. He went to bed at 23:00. He went to bed at 11:00 at night. I’ll see you at twelve noon. I’ll see you at twelve. I’ll see you at noon. (N.B. ‘Noon’ is the better correction here, since ‘twelve’ by itself could be either midday or midnight.)

The Evedence that Led to the Invasion of Iraq Was Bogus Personal Statement

The Evedence that Led to the Invasion of Iraq Was Bogus - Personal Statement Example An inspection team was sent by the United Nations and the team could not verify existence of any WMDs. These weapons were suspected to be used in nuclear, biological and chemical warfare against the coalition and also the surrounding region.3 The claims made by the US have still not been verified. Iraq was suspected of having cruise missiles as a mean to deliver these weapons. Saddam Hussein was accused of war crimes and the country was suspected of harboring Al Qaeda. To support all these accusations and to convince the world the US demonstrated evidence of their claims. The evidence provided by the US was not considered by many of the member states of the United Nations to be sufficient for an invasion. The evidence and claims made by the US will be analyzed in detail. Arguments will be made as to how convincing the evidence was. Before starting with the evidence, keep in mind that the evidence provided is the basis to invade a country. This means that the evidence must be solid en ough to form basis of occupation and destroying the complete infrastructure of a country. To take such a step intelligence must be spot on and confirmed by on field sources. The evidence provided in the United Nations meeting is as follows; Evidence Signals Intelligence Few of the intercepted telephone calls were presented as evidence. These included mention of a modified vehicle that required to be hidden from the inspection teams. Others included hiding and cleaning out â€Å"forbidden ammunition†.4 The evidence was aimed at convincing the world that Iraq had been distracting and misguiding UN inspectors to check sites for presence of WMDs. Measures were taken to hide data indicating Iraq’s counter measures against the UN inspection teams. Satellite Imagery Satellite imagery was shown to indicate chemical munitions bunkers. These bunkers were magnified and it was argued that the presence of â€Å"security† and a truck standing nearby, which was identified as a decontamination vehicle, were signs of presence of unconventional weapons.5 The bunkers were shown to be cleared and abandoned before the inspection in the next imagery. Furthermore, a missile site was shown before the inspections to be active by the presence of trucks and cranes in the area. The site was shown to be cleared just before the inspection. Human Intelligence Sources were referred that Saddam Hussein had threatened people if information was given to the inspectors. Interviews held outside Iraq would be considered as treason. People were not allowed to leave the country. Training was imparted to mislead and perform counter intelligence activities against the inspection teams.6 Workers were under house arrests. These claims were aimed at convincing the world that Iraq has been hiding information and misleading the inspection teams. Furthermore, an Iraqi engineer was sited to refer to mobile biological weapons production facility and a civil engineer confirmed the producti on of these mobile factories. In a similar way Al Qaida was suspected to be growing in the country as per the sources. Analysis The evidence presented by signals intelligence is not convincing. Signals intelligence is always a source to register a possible threat. They are confirmed by ground reports. Signals intelligence in different wars needs to be thoroughly filtered and must present the evidence at multiple occasions

Strategy of international Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Strategy of international Business - Assignment Example The demand drivers for ABC could be the expansion in technology, country’s economic growth and the rising levels of disposable income. An environmental analysis of the company has been carried out as it will help in emphasizing the opportunities as well as recognizing the threats from which the company can get harm. International cultural diversity at ABC is explained. It focuses on the fact that the company welcomes ideas and opinion of their employees to ensure that they represent the international marketplace. They believe that having a diverse staff is crucial to their business. The control process and communication system of the company is also taken into consideration. Among the standardization and adaption approach, standardization approach has been suggested for the company because the standardization method influences the economies of scale which facilitates in lowering the cost. ABC, through their shows satisfies the various needs of audience, which is one of the cha racteristics of standardization approach. One of the main reasons for the adoption of standardization approach is that ABC does not need to differentiate its service or products from its peers as the company is already offering high rated shows on its channel. The marketing mix of the company is also taken into consideration. A market development strategy is suggested for ABC because all shows are already famous and loved by the existing customers and it can expand its business by tapping the new customers. The company could adopt several promotion strategies to make new customers aware of their shows. It has been also recommended that ABC should adopt licensing entry strategy because it will result in the augmentation of their revenue. International business includes entire commercial transactions such as governmental and private sales, transportations, logistics and investments that happen between different nations, countries and regions

International Legal and Ethical Issues in Business Essay - 3

International Legal and Ethical Issues in Business - Essay Example Indeed, it is the global market leader in various pharmaceutical fields especially in hormonal contraception and crop protection (Bayer, 2010). Bayer is among the few multinational enterprises that have diversified their pharmaceutical production business with other ventures. The company has been under pressure from its investors to follow the example of ICI that divested its pharmaceutical arm Zeneca, in bid to strengthen the company’s drug business and free it from the cyclical nature of Bayer’s other chemical businesses (Rugman, 2005, P.128). The Bayer group is managed through holding of four product-oriented companies - Bayer healthcare, Bayer chemicals, Bayer crop science and three service industries (Bayer Technology Services, Bayer Business Services and Bayer Industry Services), with each company being managed independently in efforts to improve individual primary competencies (Rugman, 2005, P.129). Bayer Group business units are mainly concerned with researching the possible market demands, embarking on marketing campaigns, and taking the required product to the market, with most units concentrating on a single business of the Bayer businesses. Its FSAs includes the drugs in pre-clinical trials, R&D labs, and the patented products (Bayer, 2010). Challenges and legal barriers Bayer pharmaceutical companies face many challenges in the global market especially from generic drugs companies, thus Bayer is among the strong global advocate against generic-drug and will go to any high length to delay the introduction of the lower priced generic drugs to the market. These challenges includes: first, there are global campaigns to push domestic companies to excel internationally, leading to changes in patent legislation that might affect the length of life of the patented products FSA or the benefits that Bayer may accrue as a result of that FSA (Rugman, 2005, P.129). Secondly, the generic brand companies infringe its patent right; for example, in Oc tober 2001, the generic manufacturer Apotex, accepted an order from the Canadian government to supply Cipro, an anthrax fighting drug in violation of Bayer’s rights (Rugman, 2005, P.129). Additionally, â€Å"an Indian court on 9 February 2010 declined Bayer’s latest attempt to introduce new measures to prevent generic competition in India; Bayer was trying to install a new barrier to generic competition by delaying the approval process that generic drugs are subject to following in order to be sold in India; by delaying the registration until after patent expiry would have prevented timely entry of new competitors, and extend the monopoly of the sole patent-holding manufacturer† (MSF, 2010). This scenario has been witnessed in other countries such as Thailand. Bayer’s argument was based on well-recognized international trade convection of TRIPS-Plus patent rules. These are rules â€Å"that are intended to broaden the scope and prolong the period of monop oly while still maintaining the high prices of the patents holders by offering the patent holders exclusive rights to the market without any introduction of generic drugs to the new market until their patent expires† (Melendez-Ortiz & Roffe, 2009, P.164). Lastly, generic-drugs offer unfair competition to the patented drug since they are produced cheaply and are lowly priced thus offering hyper competition in the global mar

Law Essays Modes Of Trial

Law Essays Modes Of Trial Modes Of Trial If you were being prosecuted for a criminal offence, which of the following modes of trial would you prefer: Trial by lay magistrates; Trial by professional judge alone; or Trial by judge and jury. When being prosecuted for a criminal offence, a large portion of the final outcome rests on what court tires the case due to the varying procedural and sentencing allowances attributed to each court. The Magistrates Court is classically more informal, probably a reflection of the fact that it deals with 95% of all criminal cases, while the Crown Court, having greater sentencing power, trying by Judge and/or jury, suffers a far more formal procedural policy. In order to adequately determine which mode of trial a defendant would be best to chose, an examination of criminal procedure in the courts of the UK should follow. It should also be noted that the choice is not always available or always clear-cut. A lot of factors, especially the nature of the crime effect, the choice to be made. It is often a question of weighing up what-ifs. All criminal cases concerning persons over the age of 18, therefore legal adults, start in the Magistrates Court, reached by either having a summons or complaint by laying of an information made against you, or following a charge at the police station. The Magistrates Court is made up of either 3 lay magistrates known as justices, or a full-time District Judge (only in criminal matters) who sits alone. The court, when in session by the magistrates, is assisted by a magistrates clerk, one function of which is to assist the lay magistrates by advising on areas of law, as a lay magistrate is only able to judge on fact, knowing no law. A District Judge is a properly qualified solicitor or barrister who sits either as a full time or part time District Judge at the magistrates court and is the tribunal of fact and law unlike the magistrates being ordinary members of the public (Murphy et al, 2005). The nature of the offence determines the court in which the case is heard and thereby the mode of trial and other aspects of criminal proceedings such as sentencing and remand (i.e. bail). There are three possible classifications of offences, summary offence, indictable offence and either-way offences, the last being capable of either a summary conviction or an indictable conviction. When a case is heard in the Magistrates Court, it is tried summarily and once a conviction is made, the conviction is a summary conviction, irrespective of whether or not the offence was an either-way offence. On the same note, when a case is heard in the Crown Court, the defendant is tried on indictment and convicted on indictment. With an indictable offence, the defendant initially appears in the magistrates court where the magistrates determine if based on the facts, they are justified in sending the defendant to the Crown Court under s.51 Crime and Disorder Act 1997. This decision is taken at the first hearing where the magistrates will also deal with the defendants remand status and whether funding needs to be arranged for the case (Sanders and Young, 2000). If the offence is a summary only offence, and the defendant pleads guilty, then the magistrates go on to sentence on the same day or a on later date. This renders the process very expedient. If the defendant pleads not guilty then the matter is adjourned to a later date and a pre-trial review occurs to determine the date at which the summary trial will occur. Pleading guilty may go against common intuition in such instances, yet it may stand in the defendants benefit. A repeat offender may realize that he will not have a possibility of getting an acquittal and to quickly obtain judgment by lay magistrates who can only impose limited sentences would hold benefits over a judge who effectively has no limits on sentencing bar the statutory maximum for the crime. Further, lay magistrates are more personable and may consider aspects of the case that under law would not be an issue, such as the socio-economic background of the defendant, the familial situation and further factors which woul d cause a person to potential veer off track. With a straight cut either-way offence, the Magistrates Court or the Crown Court could deal with the defendant. The decision as to which court to elect is often made by considering the plea before venue (s. 17A Magistrates Court Act 1980) and following, the mode of trial (Murphy et al, 2005). This all occurs at a rather early stage in the game, and often adjournment may be necessary to determine what kind of plea should be indicated. The defence will be awaiting Advance Information from the prosecution (Magistrates Court Advance Information Rules 1985), usually consisting of a summary of the case, charge sheet or summons, copies of witness statements, previous convictions and/or transcripts of the defendants interview under caution. Advance Information is supplied in the case of all either-way offences. It allows the defendant to know the case against them when considering their plea, as the plea will also dictate which court they are tried in and in effect what the maximum sentencing they receive will be. There is no obligation on the prosecution to serve Advance Information with a summary only offence yet, common practice dictates that they do so in order to prevent any possible impact that Article 6 of the Human Rights Act 1999 may have on the case (Sanders and Young, 2000). A mode of trial hearing is usually the most important part of the criminal proceeding for the defendant, bar of course the actual trial, as it has the greatest effect on which court the defendant will be tried in. The procedure for a mode of trial hearing is set out in s.19 of the Magistrates Court Act 1980. The court shall listen to both arguments from the prosecution and defence as to which court would be more suitable and would show particular regard to four qualifying factors. The nature of the case and whether the circumstances make the offence one of a serious character. Whether the punishment that the Magistrates Court could impose would be adequate for the offence committed and if there are any other circumstances which appear to the court to make it more suitable for the offence to be tried in one way as opposed to the other. This last factor remains rather vague and all encompassing and is supplemented by the National Mode of Trial Guidelines setting out to a more specific point what the court should consider. The guidelines consist of general observations and guidance specific to individual offences (Murphy et al, 2005). Overall, the guidelines recommend that a case should be tried summarily unless specific factors apply and the sentencing power of the Magistrates Court is insufficient. If the court opts at this point that a summary trial is more suitable, the defendant can elect to be tried summarily or by a jury yet is warned that if he is tried summarily and convicted, the defendant may be committed to the Crown Court if the magistrates believe he requires a sentence which is larger than the punishment they are permitted to inflict. If the defendant elects a trial by jury at the Crown Court a committal proceeding follows. An election for the Magistrates Court may be a wise choice dependent on the nature of the offence. The magistrates have lower sentencing powers than a jury who is only limited by statute as to the sentence imposed for a particular offence. Magistrates sentencing powers are reflected by the number and type of offences being tried for. One or more summary offences will result in a maximum of 6 months imprisonment. One either-way offence will generate a maximum of 6 months imprisonment as will one either-way offence plus one or more summary only offences. However, two or more either-way offences can result in a maximum of 12-months imprisonment (Hungerford-Welch, 2004). The limits on the power of a Magistrates Court are currently changing under s.154 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 (proposed implementation 2005/2006). Under s.154 the Magistrates Court will have the power to impose sentences of no more than 51 weeks for any one either-way offence and no more than 65 for more than one either-way offence. The Home Secretary can amend these limits to a maximum of 18 months and 24 respectively (Murphy et al, 2005). If, at the mode of trial hearing in the Magistrates Court, the court decides the trial should be done on indictment, the defendant is sent to the Crown Court for trial, and there is no choice to be made over the mode of trial (Sanders and Young, 2000). If the defendant elects trial (at the mode of trial hearing) in the Crown Court, he will have to go through a committal proceeding as set out in s.6 of the Magistrates Court Act 1980. This can occur in one of two ways, committal with consideration of evidence (s.6(1) Magistrates Court Act 1980) where evidence against the defendant (written only) is considered and if insufficient the defendant is discharged. This however, does not equate to an acquittal and if new evidence comes to light, the defendant can be charged again. A committal without consideration of the evidence (s.6(2) Magistrates Court Act 1980) is the second option and most commonly used, where all written and oral evidence is considered. The first version is only really used when the defence is convinced there is no case to answer (Murphy et al, 2005). This is another consideration the defendant will keep in mind when deciding by whom to be tried as being let off via a committal proceeding would be beneficial but the po tential of a charge being brought again in light of new evidence is not. Finally, the court has one last method to send the defendant to the Crown Court even if charged with summary offences. Under s.41 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988, the magistrates have the limited power to commit the defendant to the Crown Court in respect of summary offences when the court is committing the defendant for trial for one or more offences triable either-way and he is also charged with a summary offence punishable with imprisonment and/or disqualification from driving and the summary offences arise out of circumstances which appear to the court to be the same as or connected with the circumstances of the (or one of the) offences triable either-way (Murphy et al, 2005). Examining the legal procedural system, it seems the case is not clear-cut as to which decision-maker should be chosen. Further examination of the nature of each body would often also be considered by the perpetrator. Conceptually trial by jury may be favourable. The theory stands that a jury will consist of people similar to the defendant, the peers of the defendant and therefore will be able to apply the norms expected of that social group to the judgment. Further, a judge is often seen as a parental figure imposing the law so stringently that he often loses sight of the human element. With 12 voices coming together and debating on common grounds, the defendant may stand a fairer chance of coming away from the situation free. However, it is not often the case that a jury will be 12 individual voices. Richard Dawkins elucidated this point rather elegantly with a comparison to herring gulls. In his field of animal behaviour, a study was conducted by Niko Tinbergen concerning the colour preference of a herring gull. At birth, herring gull chicks peck at a red point on the yellow beak of their parents, which causes the parent to regurgitate any foods consumed that day. Tinbergen was curious to deter mine if the gulls were born with a pre-disposed colour preference to cause them to react to their environment as they did or if the behaviour was a learned one. Regardless of the results of this particular study, Dawkins points out that the interesting facet, with consideration to the jury structure in the UK, was the observation that when all the chicks were placed together in a pen and left to a make a selection, the group would all chose the same colour. The statistical possibility of 12 individuals making the same selection out of a choice of two is one out of 1024 (Dawkins, 1997). In the same respect, a jury of 12, when left to deliberate together, can all be swayed to follow the group decision which could effectively be made by one person. Someone who is strong enough to make a decision in a group with such vocality that it leads, will often be severely opinionated on an aspect of the case. This may cause the defendant to be futility swimming through a trial with little chance of fairness being applied. The best scenario of course would be to segregate all 12 jurors into separate decision-making chambers and collate the choices made by all 12 but perhaps unintelligent jurors or those who merely do not care will be granted too much power. A judge on the other hand has been educated in the law and is more or less free by holding virtual total discretion. The judge can pass any judgment he sees fit to pass limited only by statutory constraints imposed by the offence (and of course the desire to keep his job, much like the political restraints felt by parliament and their apparent sovereignty). The judge will have a standard against which to measure the case at hand built up through years of experience on the bench. The judge will be able to read a trial and to be aware of small details which would illuminate innocence or guilt which a jury would potentially miss in their naÃÆ'Â ¯vetÃÆ'Â ©. If a defendant were innocent then a trial by judge would be the most desirable mode of trial. Especially with a case in which the offence was rather serious. The law is so formulated that a man is innocent until he is proven guilty beyond reasonable doubt. A judge knows this and may stick more rigorously to the letter of the law t han a jury would who could easily be swayed by prosecution gimmicks such as photos of the crime or statistics of the crime in their neighbourhood. If a defendant, however, were to be guilty of a crime then the choice of a trail by judge and jury may stand in favour of the defendant as the emotional ability of the jury could work in his favour. Ultimately, the defendants personal preference will be a consequence largely on the crime and whether or not it was committed by him, i.e. innocence versus guilt. A judge alone would be a desirable choice for the innocent offenders while a jury would be best for a guilty offender. If the option were available for a trial by lay magistrates, this would be ideal due to their restricted sentencing ability and the assurance that at worst a fine and a maximum 12-month retention would be the result (subject to the new legislation being not yet being implemented). References: Broadbridge, S. (2002). The Criminal Justice Bill: Juries and Mode of Trial, Bill 8 of 2002-03. House of Commons Library, London. Dawkins, Richard (1997). Three herring gull chickthe reason juries dont work. The Observer 1997, London. Hoyle, C. and Young, R. (2003) Restorative Justice and Punishment in S. McConville (ed.) The Use of Punishment, Willan Publishing, Devon. Hungerford-Welch, P. (2004) Criminal Litigation and Sentencing (6th Edition). Cavendish Publishing, London. Murphy, P., Murphy, E. and Stockdale, E. (2005) Blackstones Criminal Practice. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Sanders, A. and Young, R. (2000) Criminal Justice (Second edition). London: Butterworths Young, R. and Sanders, A. (2002) From Suspect to Trial in The Oxford Handbook of Criminology 3rd ed. (eds M Maguire, R Morgan and R Reiner), Oxford: OUP, pp. 1034-1075